|
Across Afghanistan, proverbs are a valued part of speaking, both publicly and in conversations. Afghans "use proverbs in their daily conversations far more than Westerners do, and with greater effect" (Edward Zellem 2012b: i). The most extensive proverb collections in Afghan languages are in Dari and Pashto, the two largest languages in Afghanistan. The Dari language is very similar to Persian spoken in Iran and Tajik spoken in nearby Tajikistan. A broader, more contextualized, study of Afghan proverbs would include comparisons of Afghan proverbs with Persian proverbs from Iran (for which several volumes are available in English) and with Tajik proverbs (e.g. comparing with those in Bell 2009) from Tajikistan. == Collections == So far, collections of proverbs in Afghan languages are available in English translation for at least four Afghan languages: Dari, Pashto, Pashai, and Balochi. Dari: For Dari, there are two main published collections of proverbs, with some overlap between them. The earlier is J. Christy Wilson's collection of 100 (2002), ''One Hundred Afghan Persian Proverbs'', the list having been reproduced (without credit) in other sources.〔''Concise English Afghan Dari Dictionary & Proverbs'', Behzad Book Center〕〔(Wilson's 100 proverbs )〕 The most recent main collection of Dari proverbs is the 3rd edition of U.S. Navy Captain Edward Zellem's collection, built on the 151 of the 2012 edition, plus 50 more that were submitted via the Web.〔Edward Zellem. 2015. Zarbul Masalha. Tampa, FL: Cultures Direct.〕 The 2012 edition won a 2013 award from the Military Writer's Society of America.〔(2013 award by MWSA )〕 From these 151 proverbs, 38 were chosen for an edition with color illustrations, intended for language learning by a more popular audience ((Zellem 2012a )). This edition's format has been published with (translations into a number of languages ), including English, Russian (Zellem 2013a), German (Zellem 2013b), French (2013c), and Finnish. There are reports that ''Zarbolmathalhâ'', a collection of 1,152 Dari proverbs collected by Mowlânâ Khâl Mohammad Khaste, was published in 1983 (Kreyenbroek 2010:317). There is also a collection of Dari proverbs with German translations by Noor Nazrabi, ''Afghanische Redensarten und Volksweisheiten''.〔Noor Nazrabi. 2014. ''Afghanische Redensarten und Volksweisheiten'', with illustrations by Moshtari Hillal. Afghanistik Verlag.〕 Pashto: For Pashto, one of the two main languages of Afghanistan, the newest available source is the collection of 151 proverbs by Zellem.〔''Mataluna: 151 Afghan Pashto Proverbs''. 2014. Tampa: Cultures Direct.〕 A larger collection of Pashto proverbs of 1,350 proverbs is by Bartlotti and Khattak (2006), a revised and expanded version of an earlier work by Tair and Edwards (1982). Enevoldsen published 100 proverbs and 100 ''tapas'' folk poems (1967). An earlier collection was published by Benawa (1979). An older source containing 406 Pashto proverbs is Thorburn's (1876), where he includes them in his book on pp. 231–473. The most recent published collection of Pashto proverbs contains 151 proverbs submitted by Pashto speakers via the Web and Twitter (Zellem 2014). There are reports that Nuri published a selection of proverbs from ''Paśto Toləna'' in 1910 (Kreyenbroek 2010:151). There are about 50 pages of Pashto proverbs arranged by topic in a doctoral dissertation by Bartlotti .〔p. iii. Leonard Bartlotti. 2000. Negotiating Pakhto: Proverbs, Islam and the Construction of Identity among Pashtuns. University of Wales: Ph.D. thesis.〕 Pashai: Pashai is a less known language community living east of Kabul. A local committee working with Yun produced a collection of 171 proverbs (2010), each one translated into English, Korean, and Pashto. Lehr has analyzed an aspect of the grammar of proverb use.〔p. 293. Lehr, Rachel. 2014. ''A descriptive grammar of Pashai: The language and speech of a community of Darrai Nur.'' Phd dissertation, University of Chicago.〕 Balochi: For Balochi, a language spoken on both sides of the Pakistan-Afghan border, Badalkan gives a number of Balochi proverbs translated into English in his article, focusing on proverbs that are related to specific stories (2000). He also cites several published collections of Balochi proverbs, all published in Balochi. Six proverbs are given on the last pages (203, 204) of Dames' 1907 ''Popular poetry of the Baloches''.〔(scanned copy of ''Popular poetry of the Baloches'' )〕 In addition to these publications in English, there are items about proverbs in languages spoken in Afghanistan published in other languages. These include: *An article about Waigali proverbs in German (Buddruss 1992) *An article about Kyrgyz proverbs in Afghanistan, in French (Dor 1982) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afghan proverbs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|